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Notes

[1] Secretary General, Association of Caribbean States, Port of Spain, Trinidad. Internet  www.acs-aec.org. The views expressed are not necessarily the official views of the ACS.

[2] Antonio Gaztambide-Geigel, “La Invención del Caribe en el Siglo XX: Las definiciones del Caribe como problema histórico y   metodológico”. Revista Mexicana del Caribe, 1 (1996), 74-96.

[3] C.L.R James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. London: Secker and Warburg, 2^nd Rev. ed. 1963; (First published 1938);  Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944; W. Adolphe Roberts, The Caribbean: The Story of our Sea of Destiny, New York, The Bobbs-Merill Company, 1940; German Arciniegas Caribbean, Sea of the New World, New York, A.A. Knopf, 1946 ; p. 247;

[4] Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean. London: Andre Deutsch, 1970

[5] Juan Bosch, De Cristóbal Colon a Fidel Castro: el Caribe, Frontera Imperial. Santo Domingo, 1999 (10^th Dominican Edition); p. 34 (First published 1970)

[6] See note 7.

[7] Bridget Brereton, “Regional Histories”, in B.W. Higman (ed.) General History of the Caribbean: Volume VI: Methodology and Historiography of the Caribbean. London and Oxford: UNESCO Publishing/Macmillan Education, 2000; pp. 316-317.

[8] Overview of the Report of the West Indian Commission—Time for Action. Barbados: The West Indian Commission, 1992; p. 59. There is some ambiguity in the use of the term “wider Caribbean” in the Overview: initially it is used to refer to the insular Caribbean beyond CARICOM, with 32 million people (p. 58); on p. 60 however there is a reference to the “wider Caribbean including the littoral”, which seems to make it synonymous with “the region of the Caribbean Basin” as defined on p. 59, which includes Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Central America.

[9] The ACS Convention opens full membership to all of the states mentioned above and Associate membership to all the non-independent territories whether Dutch, English, French or United States affiliated.All of the independent states (25 in number) have become full members; Associate members so far include Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, and France in respect of Guadeloupe, Guyane and Martinique.

[10] Anglophone states are 13 out of 15 members in CARICOM and 12 out of 15 in CARIFORUM. (Montserrat is a member of CARICOM but not CARIFORUM while the Dominican Republic is a member of CARIFORUM but not CARICOM. The other non-Anglophone members of both organisations are Suriname and Haiti. In the ACS, Anglophone states are 12 out of 25 full and three associate members.

[11] Note: Since preparing this lecture I have had an opportunity to read in full the text of Professor Amartya Sen’s Eric Williams Memorial Lecture “Identity and Justice” delivered at the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, March 23, 2001. In it, Sen argues lucidly that the creation of a Caribbean identity does not necessarily mean the obliteration of existing separate cultural identities, since all persons have multiple identities in any case. However, the problem of what constitutes this Caribbean identity remains, since Sen appears to make it synonymous with the Caribbean political integration called for by Eric Williams in the final chapter of From Columbus to Castro. There is an ongoing discourse on “creolisation” as the basis of a Caribbean identity, but this is often interpreted as involving the melding of other ethnic or cultural identities into the Creole culture, which is precisely the source of the difficulty that some have with the idea.

[12] Data compiled in the ACS Secretariat.

[13] Data from José Antonio Ocampo, “Pasado, Presente y Futuro de la Integración Regional”, Paper presented at Foro INTAL: 35 Anos de Compromiso con la Integración Regional. Buenos Aires, 27-28 Noviembre 2000; Cuadro 1.

[14] Data compiied in the ACS Secretariat.

[15] Data taken from “Maritime Transport in the Caribbean”, Report prepared by Jan Hoffman, ECLAC, for Meeting of ACS Special Committee on Transport, Cancun, 18.6.1998.

[16] Data from Consultant’s Report prepared for the ACS Special Committee on Transport submitted to the 2^nd Meeting of CEOs of Regional Airlines, Port of Spain, September 1999

[17] Data compiled by the ACS Secretariat.

[18] GEO- Latin America and the Caribbean - Environment Outlook, UNEP 2000  pp. 56-57

[19] Data on natural disasters compiled by the ACS Secretariat.

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